Te Pū Whetū o te Taiao

Featured from left to right: Matetu Herewini Jnr, Nicola Sullivan, Hanareia Ehau-Taumaunu, Rangitahi Wharepapa, Matetu Herewini, Amanda Black and Meikura Arahanga

It is Tangaroa Whāriki Kiokio, the ninth day after the full moon, and Bioprotection Aotearoa feels privileged to attend a wānanga at the headquarters of the Raukūmara Pae Maunga Project in Te-Kahanui-a-Tikirākau, also known as Te Kaha. Matetu Herewini, local Rūnanga chair, extended the invitation to this event.

During the wānanga, the Bioprotection team listened to Matetu Herewini Jnr, the son of Matetu Herewini, as he shared his knowledge about the Maramataka of Te Whānau ā Apanui.

Through waiata (songs), information sharing, and engaging activities, Matetu Herewini Jnr introduced the Māori lunar calendar and its significance to the Iwi.

The Raukūmara Pae Maunga Project, is an iwi-led conservation group that has received $34 million to heal and restore the mauri (life force) of the Raukūmara Ranges. These ranges lie in between Ngati Porou and Te Whānau ā Apanui. When the funding was announced, the two iwi and Te Papa Atawhai (DOC) collaborated to design and execute a restoration plan over the next three years.

The aim of the wānanga was to provide insights and mātauranga (knowledge) that could assist the local group in their restoration project.

By integrating this traditional knowledge with modern restoration techniques, the local group hopes to enhance their efforts and ensure that the restoration project aligns with the cultural values, environmental sustainability, and long-term goals of the Iwi.

Amanda Black, the Director of Bioprotection Aotearoa, says, “It was an absolute privilege to learn about this mātauranga, and be introduced to an extraordinary kaupapa with an Iwi-led vision. The Raukūmara Ranges feed into Te Uruwera and Whirinaki forests, which are all connected to form the largest continuous primary growth forest in the North Island. This taonga deserves a restoration response that is designed to transcend generations.”

Aligned PhD student Nicola Sullivan (Plant & Food Research) is doing fieldwork in Te Kaha, researching spiders.  While listening, Nicola made the connection to how the moon phases could have an impact on her own research.

“We learned about moon phases during which insects and spiders, among other things, hide away and aren’t as visible. When I am out hunting for spiders, I am likely to find fewer spiders during that moon phase,” says Nicola. “I think it will be helpful to record the moon phase during which I do my collections, in a similar way to the way I already note down the weather which has an effect. This could help explain any patterns I see.”

Amanda shares, “As part of our whakawhanaungatanga, the experience sparked a refreshed  sense of purpose. I can see an alignment of our vision and values between the Raukūmara Pae Maunga Project and Bioprotection Aotearoa and the work we each do.  We are grateful for the opportunity to be welcomed into their space and enrich our understanding of the rohe.”

To learn more about the Raukūmara Pae Maunga Project, visit their website >

Postdoctoral Fellow Laureline Rossignaud

Laureline Rossingnaud (Pou 3.2) has published her first manuscript as a postdoctoral fellow, which is now available in Diversity and Distributions, a journal of conservation and biogeography.

Her scientific paper titled Native vegetation structure, landscape features, and climate shape non-native plant richness and cover in New Zealand native shrublands shares exciting insights into the impact of vegetation structure, landscape features and climate on non-native plant invasions across Aotearoa New Zealand in mānuka and kānuka shrublands.

Drawing from the National vegetation survey dataset surveyed between 2009 and 2014, Laureline analysed 247 permanent 20×20 meter plots distributed across Aotearoa New Zealand.  She measured the number of native and non-native plant species and their coverage at ground, understory and canopy levels.

As part of her study, she used generalised additive models (GAM) to analyse variables that had the potential to influence the richness and cover of non-native species. These variables included climate, native species richness and ground cover in relation to vegetation structure, and how landscape features surrounding these shrublands influence the arrival and establishment of non-native plant species.

This study indicates that the presence of human-made land cover in the surroundings of sample plots favour the arrival and establishment of non-native plant in mānuka and kānuka shrublands, whereas high number of native tree species and canopy cover provides resistance to plant invasions.  It highlights the value of examining both the coverage and richness of plant species at the different vegetation levels.

Although Laureline has published papers before, this is her first publication as a postdoctoral fellow.

“It’s not easy to explain that feeling when you publish a paper…excited, accomplished, and a boost of motivation to do more.” – says Laureline

Read her paper here >

Horomaka community members gather to explore resilient landscapes through informations sharing.

Meaningful engagement and multidisciplinary collaboration took centre stage at a recent gathering that brought together Bioprotection Aotearoa researchers, farmers, conservationists, and mana whenua from Horomaka.

Hosted by Bioprotection Aotearoa in Canterbury, the event aimed to cultivate stronger connections among researchers, the community, and their environment. Its overarching goal was to advance the cause of healthy and resilient ecosystems for the benefit of future generations.

Amanda Black, Director of Bioprotection Aotearoa, began the event by outlining the vision, values, and Kaupapa of the national Centre of Research Excellence. She expressed gratitude to the Horomaka community for the valuable opportunity to exchange knowledge and insights.

“The value of introducing ourselves, connecting researchers and the community, and fostering relationships cannot be underestimated” –  Amanda Black

The community heard from early career researchers who are working on understanding what makes soils resilient, future weed invasions, drivers of plant health, restorative farming practices, and adaptation pathways.

Each topic discussion reiterated the immense potential that lies in collaborative efforts spanning various disciplines and knowledge systems.

“Reaching across disciplines together, we can achieve greater outcomes that strengthen people and their environment,” Amanda emphasised.

The gathering provided a forum for participants to actively engage in dialogue, exchange ideas, and explore innovative approaches to bioprotection.

Driven by their commitment to the wellbeing of the land and future generations, community members actively participated, raising thought-provoking questions, and offering insights.

Deputy Director Phil Hulme reflected on the alignment of Bioprotection Aotearoa’s scientific efforts with the concerns of landowners and other stakeholders about emerging weed issues.

“At Bioprotection Aotearoa we have already begun to consider these emerging weed issues and the potential impact on their distributions of climate change and thus it is good to know that our science is aligned with end-user concerns.” Phil reflected.

“The landowners that I spoke to were particularly impressed by the breadth of the work being carried out on Horomaka and the enthusiasm of our early career researchers.”

Reflecting on the conclusion of the meeting, Amanda remarked, “Building deeper relationships of a collaborative nature, embracing māturaka Māori and scientific knowledge, is crucial in achieving sustainable solutions for our productive landscapes.”

She expressed a shared sense of purpose among researchers and the community, with a commitment towards continued engagement.

Masters Student Alexandra Cox, examining her samples

Alexandra Cox’s ultimate goal is to contribute to finding solutions that will protect native plants and agricultural crops from a devastating pathogen called Phytophthora cinnamomi. Her recently completed Masters of Science with distinction at the University of Canterbury is her first step to understanding how that might be done.

P. cinnamomi belongs to a group called the water moulds, or oomycetes, which Alex describes as “a weird one on the tree of life”. Although not well understood, oomycetes are similar to fungi in many ways, but they are most closely related to algae.

P. cinnamomi is closely related to the pathogens that caused the Irish potato famine and kauri dieback disease. However, unlike these host-specific pathogens, this oomycete causes root rot or dieback in more than 2,000 plant species.

The pathogen is a huge agricultural problem in Australia, as well as 70 other countries around the world. It is becoming an increasingly serious pest in Aotearoa New Zealand, especially as the climate warms  and increases the amount of suitable environments or habitats.  Native plants of Aotearoa New Zealand are particularly vulnerable, as are agricultural crops like avocados, and forestry species. Once it has infected an area, it is very hard to eradicate.

In an effort to control P. cinnamomi, scientists are trying to understand at the genetic level how the pathogen infects its hosts, so that they can develop ways to disrupt the infection pathways. P. cinnamomi is a parasitic endophyte, which starts in the root cells and spreads through the entire plant.

Alex is searching for insights one tube at a time

To gain access to the cells, the pathogen releases proteins called effectors, which help stop the host from detecting the pathogen and make it safe for the pathogen to enter. The host plant, in turn, evolves defences against the effectors, forcing the parasite to adapt in response. This ‘evolutionary arms race’ means the pathogen and host are constantly co-evolving in a fight for survival.

An important question with P. cinnamomi is how it can keep this arms race going, when it infects such a wide range of hosts. Alex is hoping that by comparing the pathogen’s genetics in different hosts, and specifically identifying its effectors, she will gain clues to help solve this puzzle.

This is a complex challenge, however, because there are hundreds of different effectors, many of which are redundant or expendable. Also, P. cinnamomi may use different effectors on different host species, which makes it extremely adaptable.

Luckily, recent advances in genetic technology have made it easier to sequence large quantities of genomic data. Alex obtained organisms from SCION, and then extracted her P. cinnamomi DNA.   She did all of her own gene sequencing on a tiny machine about the size of a matchbox. In less than a year, she was able to sequence 10 new genomes from P. cinnamomi living on the roots of pine, kauri and fir to see how they compare. The sequences will be published online and will be a really useful tool for other researchers investigating this pathogen.

Alex plans to continue this research in her PhD, improving her sequencing even further and eventually creating a phylogenetic tree of P. cinnamomi genomes. Ultimately, she hopes to classify the pathogen’s effectors and explain what each one does.

She says, “I am so grateful for Bioprotection Aotearoa’s funding” and that she is now “more connected to other scientists than she’s ever felt.” She also enjoyed getting to learn more about science communication, cultural awareness, and “how science works in real life”.

“I have a cohort that’s been really valuable, and I’ve enjoyed learning about what’s going on at other universities and in other areas of science, from people of all ages and from all over the world. I really value these relationships and will keep them going in my PhD.”